{"id":3279,"date":"2022-03-23T11:33:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-23T11:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/?p=3279"},"modified":"2026-07-22T11:36:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T11:36:34","slug":"basics-of-structural-design-and-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/en\/basics-of-structural-design-and-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Basics of structural design and analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Structural design and analysis is the process engineers use to make sure a building or structure can safely carry every load it will face \u2014 from its own weight to wind, snow, and earthquake forces \u2014 over its full lifetime. It happens in five stages: modelling, load analysis, structural analysis, structural design, and detailing. Below, we walk through each stage, then work through a simple example to show how they fit together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 5 steps of structural design and analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Modelling<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before any calculation happens, the structure has to be simplified into something a computer (or an engineer, by hand) can actually calculate. Start from the architectural model \u2014 what the building looks like in reality \u2014 and strip it down to just the load-bearing skeleton: foundations, columns, beams, frames, trusses, walls. This simplified version is called the <strong>schematization<\/strong>, the wireframe model, or the mechanical model, and it&#8217;s the foundation everything else is built on: get it wrong, and every downstream calculation inherits the error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-bdb86e04 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Blog_EN_Artikel-1_figuur1.png ,https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Blog_EN_Artikel-1_figuur1.png 780w, https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Blog_EN_Artikel-1_figuur1.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Blog_EN_Artikel-1_figuur1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-4191\" width=\"386\" height=\"504\" title=\"Blog_EN_Artikel 1_figuur1\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical elements in a structural model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Beams;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Columns;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Struts and ties;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slabs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shear walls;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Membranes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Modelling also means choosing materials \u2014 steel, concrete, timber, or a mix \u2014 and assigning first-pass dimensions to each element (width, depth, thickness), usually based on rules of thumb, since these get refined later. Finally, the boundary conditions \u2014 how each member connects to what&#8217;s around it \u2014 need to be defined, since that determines how loads actually flow through the structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more about modelling in our post about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/en\/basics-of-a-structural-analysis-model-schematizing-is-an-art\/\">schematizing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Load analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, identify every load the structure could realistically face over its lifetime:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dead loads<\/strong>, meaning the self-weight of the structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Live loads<\/strong>: occupancy of people in buildings, moving equipment, and the movement of cars on bridges;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wind loads<\/strong>: any horizontal, uplift or shear pressures or forces that the wind exerts on a building;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Snow loads<\/strong>: only applicable for structures expected to receive snowfall;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Earthquake loads<\/strong>: when the structure is in a seismic region;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Earth pressure<\/strong>: to be applied for tunnels, retaining walls, cellars;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Water and ice<\/strong>: for some structures such as bridges, offshore platforms, and coastal structures;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal loads<\/strong>: Unequal heating or cooling of parts of the structure create high stresses;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dynamic loads<\/strong>: for example, induced by machinery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, loads don&#8217;t act one at a time \u2014 they combine. Dead load plus live load is one combination; dead load plus wind is another. Part of load analysis is working out which combination is <em>worst-case<\/em> for your specific structure, which is exactly the kind of repetitive, error-prone work that structural analysis software (rather than hand calculation) is built to automate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-158fa7ce wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Loads_EN_0.png ,https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Loads_EN_0.png 780w, https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Loads_EN_0.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Loads_EN_0.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-4097\" width=\"639\" height=\"569\" title=\"Loads_EN_0\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Structural analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is where you calculate how the model behaves under each load combination: the internal forces (shear, bending moment, normal force, torsion), reactions, and deformations produced by each one. For a single beam or column, this is doable by hand. For anything resembling a real 2D or 3D structure, it means solving large systems of equations, which is exactly where hand calculation becomes slow and error-prone. This is what dedicated <strong>finite element analysis (FEA)<\/strong> software  like BuildSoft&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/en\/product\/diamonds\">Diamonds<\/a>  is built for: fast, accurate results without the manual matrix work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Structural design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the analysis results in hand, structural design is where you size each element to actually meet the requirements (stability, strength, and stiffness) set out in the relevant design code. If the initial (estimated) dimensions from step 1 pass, you&#8217;re done, though there&#8217;s often room to optimize for a more economical design. If they don&#8217;t pass, you go back, adjust the dimensions, and repeat the analysis-and-design loop until every requirement is met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Design codes vary by country, so knowing the local code your project falls under is part of the job, not an afterthought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Detailing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the global analysis and design are finished, detailing covers two things:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Where<\/strong> connections, splices, and overlaps go : beam-column joints, column base connections, and similar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>How<\/strong> : the specific reinforcement layout, bolt grade and count, weld throat thickness, end plate sizing, and so on.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Detailing decisions directly affect ductility. In concrete, a well-balanced reinforcement layout in beams and columns improves a structure&#8217;s ability to deform without failing. In steel, planning connections strategically (for example, keeping beam splices near column edges rather than at midspan, where bending moment is close to zero) can cut costs by simplifying the connection to a shear-only joint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-9ed25c7b wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Blog_EN_Artikel-0.png ,https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Blog_EN_Artikel-0.png 780w, https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Blog_EN_Artikel-0.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Blog_EN_Artikel-0.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-4232\" width=\"401\" height=\"346\" title=\"Blog_EN_Artikel-0\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A real life example<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How the 5 steps apply to a simple beam example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A steel floor beam spanning between two columns, exposed to wind on one facade, walked through each stage of structural design and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Model the beam and its supports<\/strong><br>Simplify the beam, its supporting columns, and their connections into a wireframe model, with boundary conditions defined (e.g., pinned or fixed supports).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Identify the loads<\/strong><br>Determine dead load (the beam and floor&#8217;s own weight), live load (people and furniture on the floor above), and wind load (pressure on the exposed facade) . Next work out the worst-case combination, likely dead + live or dead + wind.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Run the structural analysis<\/strong><br>Calculate the bending moment, shear force, and deflection the beam experiences under each load combination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check the design<\/strong><br>Determine dead load (the beam and floor&#8217;s own weight), live load (people and furniture on the floor above), and wind load (pressure on the exposed facade) . Next work out the worst-case combination, likely dead + live or dead + wind.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Detail the connection<\/strong><br>Specify the beam-to-column connection such as bolt count, plate size, weld requirements, based on where the design places the connection along the beam.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQ<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq uagb-faq__outer-wrap uagb-block-739834de uagb-faq-icon-row uagb-faq-layout-accordion uagb-faq-expand-first-true uagb-faq-inactive-other-true uagb-faq__wrap uagb-buttons-layout-wrap uagb-faq-equal-height     \" data-faqtoggle=\"true\" role=\"tablist\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-67a31ef4 \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\"><strong>What&#8217;s the difference between structural analysis and structural design? <\/strong><\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Structural analysis calculates how a structure <em>behaves<\/em> under load \u2014 the forces, stresses, and deflections it experiences. Structural design uses those results to <em>size and detail<\/em> each element so it safely meets code requirements. Analysis tells you what&#8217;s happening; design tells you what to build.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-888a70cc \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\"><strong>What are the 5 steps of structural design and analysis?<\/strong> <\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Modelling, load analysis, structural analysis, structural design, and detailing \u2014 each one feeding into the next, with design and analysis often repeating in a loop until requirements are met.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-faq-child uagb-faq-child__outer-wrap uagb-faq-item uagb-block-e1a6dbed \" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"uagb-faq-questions-button uagb-faq-questions\">\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M432 256c0 17.69-14.33 32.01-32 32.01H256v144c0 17.69-14.33 31.99-32 31.99s-32-14.3-32-31.99v-144H48c-17.67 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.33-31.99 32-31.99H192v-144c0-17.69 14.33-32.01 32-32.01s32 14.32 32 32.01v144h144C417.7 224 432 238.3 432 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-icon-active uagb-faq-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M400 288h-352c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h352c17.69 0 32 14.3 32 31.99S417.7 288 400 288z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-question\"><strong>What software is used for structural design and analysis?<\/strong> <\/span><\/div><div class=\"uagb-faq-content\"><p>Purpose-built FEA (finite element analysis) software, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/en\/product\/diamonds\">Diamonds<\/a>, automates the structural analysis step and much of the design-checking loop, replacing manual matrix calculations that are slow and error-prone for anything beyond a single beam or column.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Next step<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Want to see how this looks in practice? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buildsoft.eu\/en\/trial\">Try Diamonds free for 30 days<\/a> \u2014 fully functional, no obligation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Structural design and analysis is the process engineers use to make sure a building or structure can safely carry every [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4088,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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